Completions

MOZART’S REQUIEM COMPLETIONS

Mozart’s Requiem in D minor, K. 626 was left incomplete at his death in 1791, and ever since, there have been multiple attempts to finish it.

As Simon P. Keefe writes in is book “Mozart’s Requiem: Reception, Work, Completion”:

“At any rate, by 5 December he had completed the Introit in full score, and had written the vocal parts, continuo and sporadic instrumental passages for the Kyrie, the Sequence (the Lacrymosa only to bar 8) and the Offertory. Following Mozart’s death on 5 December, Constanze move quickly to have the Requiem completed by his Viennese associates, enlisting the services of first Joseph Eybler (1765-1846) and then, once Eybler had given up after orchestrating most of the Sequence, Fraz Xaver Süssmayr (1766-1803), who finished the work by the end of February 1792. The score given to Walsegg to fulfil the commission comprised the Introit and Kyrie from Mozart, with instrumental additions to the Kyrie in an unknown hand; the Sequence and Offertory in Süssmayr’s hand, incorporating Mozart’s work and Süssmayr’s own orchestration partly based on Eybler’s; and Süssmayr’s Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Deu followed by a partial reprise of Mozart’s Introit and Kyrie for the Communio, all again in Süssmayr’s hand.”

Here are the main completions and editions (you can click on the author’s name to access the recording list):

Author Date General Approach Treatment of Sanctus, Benedictus, Agnus Dei Treatment of Amen Fugue Notes & Reception
Joseph Eybler 1792 Early orchestrator; abandoned task partway Not attempted Not included Faithful orchestration from Dies irae to Confutatis; valued for sensitivity; unfinished.
Franz Xaver Süssmayr 1792 First full completion (commission finished for Constanze Mozart) Composed new sections (his own Sanctus, Benedictus, Agnus Dei) Omitted Traditional standard; often criticized for orchestration but most performed.
Franz Beyer 1971 Restorative revision of Süssmayr Retained Süssmayr; refined voice-leading/orchestration Not restored “Polished Süssmayr”; widely adopted by performers.
Richard Maunder 1988 Purist reconstruction Removed Süssmayr’s Sanctus, Benedictus, Agnus Dei Reconstructed and placed after Lacrimosa Shorter version emphasizing only Mozart-authenticated material.
Duncan Druce 1991 Expansive recomposition Rewrote these movements with richer counterpoint/orchestration Reconstructed and integrated dramatically Ambitious, imaginative; less conservative than editorial revisions.
H. C. Robbins Landon 1991/92 Historical blend (Eybler-influenced reorchestration) Retained Süssmayr’s movements Argued that the “Amen” fugue was not intended for the Requiem. Aims to reflect what Mozart’s circle might have produced.
Robert Levin 1993 Balanced, scholarly completion Kept Süssmayr framework; refined harmony, transitions, orchestration Restored and musically integrated Highly respected; combines scholarship with performability.

Spectrum of approaches:

  • Conservative (Süssmayr, Beyer, Robbins Landon) = keep structure, improve orchestration.
  • Purist (Maunder) = cut Süssmayr, keep only Mozart.
  • Balanced scholarly (Levin) = keep Süssmayr framework but refine, restore fugue.
  • Creative / Radical (Druce) = recomposition, expansion, modern interpretation.

Note: For a comprehensive list please see here.

Movement-by-movement map

Here is a movement-by-movement map (Introitus, Kyrie, Sequence, etc.) showing exactly what Mozart wrote, what Süssmayr added, and how each later completer treated it. That would give the full picture of where each edition diverges.

Introitus & Kyrie

Movement Mozart left Süssmayr (1792) Eybler (1792) Beyer (1971) Levin (1993)
Introitus: Requiem aeternam Complete in Mozart’s hand (vocal parts, orchestration, continuo). Minor copying/finishing only. Not applicable. Light orchestration/textural adjustments. Kept Mozart intact, with balance refinements.
Kyrie (double fugue) Vocal parts with indications of instrumental scoring. Copied/standardized parts. Not applicable. Slight orchestration clean-up. Kept; refined orchestration and counterpoint clarity.

Sequence (Dies irae – Lacrimosa) & Amen Fugue

Movement Mozart left Süssmayr (1792) Eybler (1792) Beyer (1971) Levin (1993)
Dies irae Vocal parts + basso continuo, thematic material. Completed orchestration. Faithfully orchestrated. Refined orchestration, balanced textures. Revised orchestration; clarified harmonic support.
Tuba mirum Vocal lines + bass, trombone solo idea implied. Completed orchestration incl. trombone solo. Orchestrated elegantly. Adjusted balance of winds and solo parts. Clarified harmonic texture, more idiomatic winds.
Rex tremendae Vocal/continuo + cues. Full orchestration. Alternative orchestration to this point. Simplified doublings. Reworked orchestration, harmony adjusted.
Recordare Detailed vocal quartet + continuo. Completed orchestration. Restrained, elegant orchestration. Refined orchestration; lighter texture. Re-scored winds, adjusted phrasing.
Confutatis Vocal/continuo + thematic cues. Full orchestration. Alternative orchestration exists. Corrected doublings, strengthened bass line. Revoiced winds/brass, harmonic improvements.
Lacrimosa First 8 bars only; breaks off. Completed movement in his style. Not attempted. Revised orchestration but kept Süssmayr’s close. Recomposed continuation; prepared for Amen Fugue.
Amen Fugue Sketch in Mozart’s hand, likely end of Sequence. Omitted. Not included. Not restored. Restored and fully integrated after Lacrimosa.

Offertorium (Domine Jesu, Hostias)

Movement Mozart left Süssmayr (1792) Eybler (1792) Beyer (1971) Levin (1993)
Domine Jesu Vocal parts + bass; thematic plans. Orchestrated and closed fugues. Not attempted. Refined orchestration/harmony. Reorchestrated; corrected harmony/voice-leading.
Hostias Vocal parts + bass. Completed orchestration and closing. Not attempted. Smoothed orchestration, lighter winds. Revoiced winds; improved cadences.

Sanctus, Benedictus (& Osanna), Agnus Dei, Communio

Movement Mozart left Süssmayr (1792) Eybler (1792) Beyer (1971) Levin (1993)
Sanctus No music. Composed entirely (incl. Osanna fugue). Not attempted. Retained; re-orchestrated. Retained; reworked orchestration, harmony, counterpoint.
Benedictus No music. Composed entirely; with Osanna reprise. Not attempted. Retained; texture cleaned. Retained but re-crafted; new/retouched Osanna fugue.
Agnus Dei No music (parody of earlier themes implied). Composed entirely (parody of Mozart’s Introitus). Not attempted. Retained; improved part-writing. Retained but re-voiced and refined.
Communio: Lux aeterna No autograph; reprise of Introitus/Kyrie implied. Composed reprise (parody of Introitus & Kyrie). Not attempted. Retained; minor balancing edits. Retained but transitions tightened, orchestration adjusted.